This chapter covers how non-photosynthetic organisms grow, including how they process and accumulate mass. These organisms largely take in carbon rich substances, oxygen, and water, and release carbon dioxide and wastes. Crop mass flow is estimated and modeled notionally for a range of species, from fish and shrimp, through aquatic mollusks and snails, through traditional crops such as chickens and other birds, through hogs, goats, sheep, and cattle, through less traditional crops such as insects and rodents. The chapter also explores fungal growth, from macroscopic species such as mushrooms, to microscopic species such as yeasts. This chapter also introduces bioreactors.