Blockchain technology, although still considered a relatively new innovation, has rapidly emerged as a transformative and fast-growing concept in supply chain management (SCM). In parallel, social concerns, such as labor rights, ethical sourcing, and community impact, have recently gained significant attention among researchers and scholars, much like environmental concerns did previously alongside economic performance objectives. These three dimensions (economic, environmental, and social) collectively constitute the comprehensive concept of sustainability within a supply chain (SC) system. With the growing global emphasis on sustainable development, effectively integrating these three pillars into SC strategies has become essential for long-term success and resilience. This paper proposes a detailed and structured framework for implementing blockchain technology within sustainable supply chains (SCs). The framework is further enhanced by integrating mathematical modeling techniques and game theory approaches to facilitate strategic adoption. Finally, the study examines practical benefits, potential limitations, and key managerial implications through an in-depth SWOT analysis, providing actionable insights for policymakers and SC practitioners aiming to balance innovation with sustainability goals.