This paper examines the determinants of circular material use (CMU) within the European Union, a key indicator of circular economy performance. Utilizing a panel dataset spanning 2010–2023 for 27 EU countries, the study employs a robust econometric approach to analyze the impact of private investment, resource productivity, material footprint, recycling rates, and circular economy employment on CMU. The findings reveal that private investment significantly enhances CMU, whereas a high material footprint negatively affects circular material adoption. Recycling rates and employment in circular economy sectors exhibit a weaker direct impact, suggesting the need for further improvements in waste management infrastructure and policy integration. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to promote sustainable material use and accelerate the EU’s transition to a circular economy.