Chemotherapy lacks specificity, resulting in significant side effects on healthy tissues. Although molecularly targeted therapies have become standard treatments instead of chemotherapy, cancer heterogeneity hinders their effectiveness, and the availability of targeted antigens in clinical samples remains limited. Cell surface glycans have various “glycan patterns” composed of different glycan molecules, facilitating strong and selective cell-to-cell recognition. To better understand the factors influencing glycan pattern recognition in vivo, we created artificial glycoalbumins and identified cancer-specific accumulation patterns for various glycoalbumins modified with specific glycan patterns. To leverage the insights gained from these studies, we used glycoalbumin scaffolds as glycosylated therapeutic artificial metalloenzymes for cancer treatment by localizing their biological activity to avoid unwanted side effects. This review presents our foundational research that has driven artificial glycoalbumin-based targeting and subsequent adaptations for potential therapeutic applications.