Adult vaccination policy in Europe is highly fragmented, with significant variation in coverage, funding, and integration compared to well-established childhood immunization programmes. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of adults to vaccine-preventable diseases and underscored the importance of coordinated governance and preparedness. At the national level, ministries of health, immunization advisory groups, and finance authorities shape policy. At the same time, EU institutions, such as the ECDC, EMA, and HERA, contribute to regulatory oversight, surveillance, and emergency preparedness and response capacities. Civil society organisations are playing an increasingly important role in advocacy, transparency, and trust-building. Persistent challenges include legislative fragmentation, limited financing, and vaccine hesitancy, which hinder equitable and sustainable access. Future directions point toward life-course immunization, digital health integration, and enhanced EU coordination to address cross-border health threats. Sustained political commitment, robust evidence, and meaningful community engagement will be essential to further establish adult vaccination as a core component of European public health