Virtual Surgical Planning in Facial Feminization of the Upper Face
摘要
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a critical component in achieving gender congruence, alongside medical treatment, genital, and chest gender-affirming procedures. It’s been documented to significantly enhance daily quality of life and body image satisfaction, comparable to the general population. In this surgical domain, recent technological advancements such as virtual surgical planning (VSP) and three-dimensional printing (3DP) have emerged. These advancements contribute to improved reproducibility and final aesthetic outcomes while concurrently reducing surgical duration. Together with a significant increase in gender affirmation procedures, the possibilities to access adequate surgical training are growing worldwide. Our aim is to provide a standardized description of the preoperative planning required to achieve forehead feminization with emphasis on frontal sinus remodelling, which can be reproducibly implemented by all surgeons, thereby improving patient safety and satisfaction.