Systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) is an umbrella term that refers to all drugs that directly halts or stabilises tumour activity. These include traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted cancer therapies (United Kingdom Oncology Nursing Society (UKONS), Systemic anti-cancer therapy passport, UKONS, London, 2018). SACTs are delivered in hospital chemotherapy outpatient units and cancer wards, but some drugs may also be delivered by specialist nurses in patients’ homes and mobile chemotherapy units in the community. Patients who are treated with chemotherapy may experience various adverse events which affect their quality of life and have psychosocial implications. The nurse plays an important role in the assessment, prevention and management of the adverse events of chemotherapy treatment. This chapter discusses systemic anticancer therapies and their use in the treatment of cancer with a particular focus on traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy.