River water pollution has become a severe threat to the ecosystem in general and also for the human health in the communities that depend on that water for drinking, agriculture and domestic use. Deteriorating water quality in many areas is caused by contaminants such as heavy metals, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and pathogens that cause health risk. In this study, this implication is carried out by examining the major river water pollution types, their sources as well as how they directly and indirectly affect communities. From extensive review of case studies in various geographical region, we analyze the relationship of contamination levels and incidence of waterborne diseases, chronic illness and other health consequences. Furthermore, this paper studies the socio-economic implications of water pollution such as the number of people affected by a decrease in healthcare efficiency, economic productivity losses and inequality in access to and quality of water. We present key mitigation strategies including the use of advanced water treatment measures, stringent regulatory policies as well as community based interventions that can lead to reduction in pollution levels and safeguarding of public health. The major message of this research is the great importance of interdisciplinary cooperation between environmental scientists, policymakers and local communities to conserve the water resources in sustainable ways. Holistic approaches and proactive measures to address river water pollution are essential to make the future healthy, and to protect future generation of aquatic ecosystem.