Railways are one of the most sustainable, safe, and efficient modes of transportation, and play a vital role in the global movement of passengers and goods. However, the linear nature of railway tracks and the increasing frequency and intensity of climate hazards make the railway system highly vulnerable to climate-related adverse risks. Therefore, developing and implementing adaptation strategies to enhance railway infrastructure resilience against those risks is imperative. This study aims to identify and categorize a possible adaptation measure proposed for the railway infrastructure. To this end, we conducted a literature review. Several possible adaptation options were identified and then were categorized them into five main groups. Furthermore, it discusses key challenges, barriers, and maladaptation risks for achieving sustainable railway adaptation planning.