Thailand’s industrial sector drives growth through clustering, enhancing collaboration and efficiency. Traditional supply chain metrics overlook modern complexities. Increasing uncertainties now demand a focus on resilience and sustainability. This study examines supply chain performance measurement in Thailand’s industrial sector, develops a comprehensive evaluation framework, and identifies key performance factors. Fourteen critical assessment factors related to flexibility and sustainability were identified through a literature review and validated by supply chain experts. Using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) with a 5 × 5 grid and K-means clustering, data from the 2023 annual reports of 98 publicly listed companies were analyzed, resulting in the identification of five distinct industry groups: Agile Pioneers, Resilient Performers, Emerging Challengers, Adaptive Strategists, and Customer-Focused Innovators. The findings indicate that the largest cluster of companies remains primarily focused on customer satisfaction and internal operations, underscoring the continued importance of customer-centric strategies in supply chain management. Notably, the second-largest group prioritizes supply chain flexibility, signaling a shift toward adaptability as a competitive advantage. This growing emphasis on flexibility and responsiveness reflects an increasing need for resilience in uncertain market conditions. These insights offer valuable, data-driven guidance for strategic improvements, enabling industry leaders to enhance efficiency, resilience, and long-term sustainability.