Arsenic contamination in groundwater has impacted around 200 million people worldwide. This problem, arising from both natural phenomena and human actions, emphasizes the critical need for urgent intervention. Addressing this issue promptly and efficiently is essential to safeguard the well-being of affected communities. Arsenic, occurring naturally, poses detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health in various global locations. This review endeavors to uncover and examine the origins of arsenic pollution in groundwater, evaluate the extent of arsenic contamination within Bihar’s groundwater reservoirs, scrutinize the health hazards linked to arsenic exposure, scrutinize existing mitigation approaches, suggest prospective interventions, and advocate for international collaboration in addressing this issue. To conduct a systematic review, pertinent studies were organized based on authors, publication dates, data origins, variables, analytical methods, and primary research goals. Furthermore, comprehensive annotations were incorporated to offer valuable insights into the studies outlined across multiple publications. Consequently, numerous findings were derived concerning arsenic contamination, encompassing its mitigation approaches, origins, and ramifications on human health. This research presented a comprehensive examination of groundwater pollution in Bihar, shedding light on its origins, consequences, and ongoing mitigation endeavors, emphasizing the importance of holistic intervention. This literature review seeks to address gaps in research and establish a systematic approach to studying arsenic contamination in groundwater, particularly concerning its correlation with land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics. The overarching goal is to advocate for initiatives that ensure access to clean water and sanitation, aligning with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)—6.