This chapter introduces the core concepts and mechanisms that emerge in the third layer of evolutionary economic analysis—observable patterns of economic transformation such as innovation, competition, cooperation, and market emergence. Building on the foundational theories of human behavior and evolutionary dynamics (Layer 1) and the methodological tools used to study adaptive systems (Layer 2), this chapter explores how these forces manifest in real-world outcomes. Through examples ranging from the rise of digital platforms to the evolution of regulatory institutions, we show how economic systems coevolve with technological, cultural, and institutional environments. These mechanisms—shaped by deeper feedback loops, selection pressures, and historical contingencies—help explain how economies adapt, specialize, and transform over time.