The increasing complexity of environmental pollution has prompted the development of innovative, sustainable approaches for its mitigation and monitoring. This chapter explores the emerging role of nanomaterials in addressing environmental contaminants through nanobioremediation and nanoscale monitoring technologies. Special attention is given to bio-based and functionalized nanostructures that enhance the efficiency, specificity, and eco-compatibility of remediation strategies in both soil and aquatic environments. By integrating recent advances in nanotechnology with sustainable management principles, this work highlights the potential of nanomaterials not only to improve pollutant removal but also to enable real-time environmental diagnostics, contributing to a more resilient and informed approach to ecosystem stewardship.