A wide range of natural disasters and anthropogenic upheavals, including military actions, have led to additional pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. Aerosols with diverse chemical compositions and physical properties exert significant direct, semi-direct, and indirect effects on meteorological conditions. Emitted during natural and anthropogenic disasters, aerosols can amplify complex interactions and feedbacks in the atmosphere, altering radiative transfer, temperature, moisture, wind regimes, as well as cloudiness and precipitation patterns. Using remote sensing data and seamless numerical modeling results, we present a compilation of studies examining how atmospheric aerosols, influenced by natural and anthropogenic processes, impact local and regional meteorological conditions. We focus on the aftermath of the Kakhovka Dam destruction and the drying of its reservoir, which formed a new aerosol emission source; the impact of wildfires and biomass-burning aerosols on atmospheric processes; and how aerosols intensify the adverse effects of heat waves.