A commensal fungal species called Candida albicans generally exists on human mucosal surfaces, although in immunocompromised patients, it can become contagious and lead to infectious diseases such as oral candidiasis. Investigating oral and mucosal disease requires this model organism because of its flexibility, virulence factors, and biofilm-forming properties. The development of efficient therapeutic approaches depends on an awareness of the processes of its pathogenicity. The pathogenicity of C. albicans primarily depends on its capacity for yeast-to-filament transition, production of hydrolytic enzymes, and formation of stable biofilms that exhibit resistance to antifungal agents. The features contribute to tissue invasion, immunomodulation, and the chronicity of infection. The immune reactions of the host, specifically the epithelial defense mechanisms and identification by the innate immunity, are crucial in influencing infection outcomes. Recent developments in genomic, proteomic, and transcriptome studies have offered unprecedented insight into the pathophysiology of C. albicans and its interaction with host species. These findings offer new potential for antifungal medication research and sensible therapeutic intervention approaches. Addressing the emerging issues of antifungal resistance necessitates a better appreciation of fungal adaptation with host susceptibility. This study indicates the need for additional research to optimize nanoparticle manufacturing, investigate their pharmacokinetics, and perform clinical trials to determine their safety and efficacy. Integrating nanotechnology with therapeutic plant extracts has the potential to allow breakthrough and sustainable solutions to combat pathogenic infections caused by Candida.