What drives Moscow’s interest in nuclear arms control and disarmament? In light of the crumbling nuclear arms control architecture and renewed nuclear rivalries between the United States, Russia and China, this question takes on new significance. By reviewing the current state of the literature in this chapter, I identify three main explanatory frameworks that have been advanced by scholars studying Moscow’s approach to nuclear negotiations. These revolve around the role of material security and economic interests, identity-based status ideas, and the domestic political context. I furthermore find that only a few scholars have focused on procedural factors that have shaped nuclear negotiations with Russia. Based on the review, I highlight avenues for future research as well as the scholarship’s implications for the future of nuclear arms control and disarmament.