Battery swapping has re-emerged as a complementary solution to plug-in charging in the global transition to electric mobility. While the technical feasibility of battery swapping is increasingly evident, its commercial success depends on the viability of underlying business models. This paper presents preliminary findings from an ongoing research project on business model design and strategic deployment of battery swapping services. Based on a focused literature review and case analysis, we identify four main business model archetypes: integrated provider, independent service provider, partnership-based, and Battery-as-a-Service. We examine real-world examples from Gogoro, SUN Mobility, and CATL to illustrate diverse approaches and contextual factors. The analysis highlights critical success factors such as pricing strategies, deployment planning, capital management, consumer adoption levers, and circular economy considerations. These initial results provide a foundation for further inquiry. Future phases of the project will involve workshops and interviews with industry stakeholders to validate and refine the proposed framework.

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Business Model Archetypes and Deployment Strategies for EV Battery Swapping – Preliminary Insights

  • Ignat Kulkov,
  • Koteshwar Chirumalla

摘要

Battery swapping has re-emerged as a complementary solution to plug-in charging in the global transition to electric mobility. While the technical feasibility of battery swapping is increasingly evident, its commercial success depends on the viability of underlying business models. This paper presents preliminary findings from an ongoing research project on business model design and strategic deployment of battery swapping services. Based on a focused literature review and case analysis, we identify four main business model archetypes: integrated provider, independent service provider, partnership-based, and Battery-as-a-Service. We examine real-world examples from Gogoro, SUN Mobility, and CATL to illustrate diverse approaches and contextual factors. The analysis highlights critical success factors such as pricing strategies, deployment planning, capital management, consumer adoption levers, and circular economy considerations. These initial results provide a foundation for further inquiry. Future phases of the project will involve workshops and interviews with industry stakeholders to validate and refine the proposed framework.