Micropollutants, including microplastics, heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals, are emerging contaminants of significant concern due to their persistence and potential toxic effects on the environment. Although present at trace levels, these substances pose significant challenges to environmental health and human well-being. This chapter begins with an exploration of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in urban water systems, highlighting their sources, concentrations, and detrimental effects on aquatic life and human health. It then examines pesticides and nutrient pollutants in agricultural runoff, discussing their implications for water quality and food safety. Case studies focusing on pharmaceuticals in lakes and persistent organic pollutants in Himalayan glaciers are also emphasized, demonstrating their far-reaching consequences for both remote and local water sources. Therefore, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence and impact of micropollutants through detailed case studies across diverse environments. The insights gained from these examples form a foundation for developing targeted bioremediation approaches and highlight critical areas for future research and policy development.