Globally increasing chemical consumption due to industrialization, smart life, and agricultural evolution has led to the accumulation and growing concentration of micropollutants in water bodies, posing significant threats to aquatic life and public health. Micropollutants are anthropogenic chemicals that include personal care products, medication, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, steroid hormones, industrial compounds, X-ray contrast media, foams, plasticizers, and waterproofing agents, which are typically present in trace concentrations in the order of ng/L to µg/L and may persist even after standard treatment processes. Consequently, addressing these pollutants through sustainable and cost-effective approaches is imperative. In recent years, various treatment techniques, including adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, nanofiltration, and membrane bioreactors, have been employed to mitigate micropollutants in water. Among these methods, biological wastewater treatment processes are considered a simple, low-cost, and feasible technology for removing organic matter and nutrients. However, it faces challenges in effectively degrading micropollutants due to their complex and stable nature. Micropollutants degradation by biological wastewater treatment processes is hindered by factors like low concentrations, low biodegradability, chemical recalcitrance, unsuitable operational conditions, the formation of toxic transformation products, etc. Therefore, addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, combining biological and advanced oxidation processes, process optimization, technological innovation, and regulatory support. Enhancing the capability of biological treatment systems to degrade micropollutants is crucial for protecting environmental and public health from these persistent and potentially harmful contaminants.