The contamination of freshwater environments by emerging pollutants (EPs), also referred to as micropollutants (MPs), poses a significant risk to ecosystems and human health. These pollutants encompass a wide range of substances, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, natural hormones, and personal care products, predominantly introduced through wastewater resulting from rapid urbanization and industrial expansion. Even trace concentrations of these contaminants, in the range of nanograms per litre (ng/L) to micrograms per litre (µg/L), have been shown to exert toxic effects on aquatic organisms, thereby threatening ecological balance. The biodegradation of MPs in aquatic systems has been a focal point of global research, with numerous chemical pollutants identified in various water bodies over the years. Given that aquatic organisms often undergo critical developmental stages in contaminated water, the detrimental impacts on their health and survival are evident, underscoring the severity of the environmental threat. Moreover, these pollutants can disrupt the endocrine systems of aquatic species, with broader implications for freshwater quality and ecosystem health. Ongoing research and development efforts are anticipated to drive the creation of cost-effective, ecologically viable, and efficient treatment technologies for addressing MPs. This chapter seeks to explore recent findings on emerging pollutants, evaluate existing treatment methodologies, and propose an innovative, sustainable, and circular bioeconomy-based approach for managing these contaminants effectively for future research pathways.