The immune response within dental tissues encompasses intricate interactions between hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, which are pivotal for maintaining homeostasis and responding to pathological challenges. Hematopoietic cells, representing a diverse array of immune constituents, play an essential role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and regulating tissue repair mechanisms following injury or infection. These immune cells are instrumental in mediating inflammation, as well as directing the healing processes necessary for restoring tissue integrity. In parallel, mesenchymal cells, which include fibroblasts, odontoblasts, and osteoblasts, are indispensable during the inflammatory response and subsequent resolution of inflammation. The orchestration of these immune responses is governed by complex cellular signaling pathways involving specific cell surface receptors, as well as the secretion of various cytokines and growth factors that facilitate communication between cells. Mesenchymal cells possess not only the capacity to differentiate into multiple dental cell types but also the ability to respond to immunological signals, thus modulating inflammatory responses and actively participating in tissue regeneration and repair. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms and cellular interactions provides essential insights into the pathophysiology of inflammatory conditions affecting both connective and mineralized dental tissues. Such knowledge can significantly inform the development of more effective therapeutic strategies aimed at managing these conditions. This chapter delves into the cellular interactions and molecular mediators that are commonly observed in contexts of bacterial contamination of dental tissues and during orthodontic tooth movement, thereby offering a thorough biomolecular perspective on these complex processes.