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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) claimed that a nation without a group of thinkers staring at the sky and stars is hopeless. Europe of the nineteenth century was full of philosophical stars who stared at the sky and stars, and who reflected the world of nature, societies, and human history. Among those shining, illustrious stars were Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), G.H. Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), Karl Marx (1818–1883), and Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) from Germany, Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) and John Sturt Mill (1806–1873) from England, Auguste Comte (1798–1857) from France, and Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) from Denmark. With those intellectual stars shining, the discourse of mind, reason, and culture in nineteenth-century German philosophy produced several masterful metanarratives: Kant’s transcendental metanarrative, Hegel’s metanarrative of the Absolute Spirit, and Marx’s metanarrative of nature, society, humanity, and practice. It was pregnant with the debate on the nature, condition, and character of modernity and what Hegel dubbed “the epochal spirit (Zeitgeist).”

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The Nineteenth-Century German Vision: The Transcendental Turn, The Dialectical Turn, and The Practical Turn

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Xunwu Chen

摘要

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) claimed that a nation without a group of thinkers staring at the sky and stars is hopeless. Europe of the nineteenth century was full of philosophical stars who stared at the sky and stars, and who reflected the world of nature, societies, and human history. Among those shining, illustrious stars were Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), G.H. Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), Karl Marx (1818–1883), and Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) from Germany, Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) and John Sturt Mill (1806–1873) from England, Auguste Comte (1798–1857) from France, and Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) from Denmark. With those intellectual stars shining, the discourse of mind, reason, and culture in nineteenth-century German philosophy produced several masterful metanarratives: Kant’s transcendental metanarrative, Hegel’s metanarrative of the Absolute Spirit, and Marx’s metanarrative of nature, society, humanity, and practice. It was pregnant with the debate on the nature, condition, and character of modernity and what Hegel dubbed “the epochal spirit (Zeitgeist).”