This chapter addresses the emergence of mass agrarian-populist movements in the Czech Lands, an issue that has received limited attention in the historiography. To reconstruct the texture of village life and politics, it combines municipal chronicles from seven villages marked by social conflict in the immediate aftermath of the First World War with socialist-era testimonies by rural laborers, village-level electoral data, and administrative and police reports documenting rural unrest in the interwar period, complemented by party newspapers aimed at poorer rural constituencies. The argument proceeds in several parts. First, the analysis illustrates the challenges facing the Agrarians’ project of rural unity, outlining the main conflicts in the South Bohemian village in the immediate aftermath of independence. Next, it examines how these conflicts were blunted during the interwar period by land reform, the decline of the rural Left, and rural depopulation. Whilst class antagonisms lost their intensity, they did not cease to threaten the Agrarian project. It is shown that the Agrarians’ association with wealthy farmers remained a political liability that opponents eagerly exploited. To counteract this vulnerability, the Agrarians adopted various techniques to better integrate the rural poor and assure them of their status within the broader movement. Ultimately, however, there were limits to Agrarian hegemony: many poorer villagers continued to oppose the Agrarians, refuse the ideal of rural unity, or offer only limited, conditional support.