One of the most important developments in Arctic politics over the last several decades has been the emergence of organizations representing Indigenous peoples in various circumpolar and international forums. Transnational Indigenous organizations such as the Inuit Circumpolar Council and the Saami Council have taken a leadership role in promoting the concerns and issues that resonate with Arctic Indigenous peoples. In doing so, they have added an important and necessary voice to discussions on a range of topics including resource development, environmental sustainability and protection and human security. The ability of Indigenous organizations to continue their role as the “conscience of the Arctic” is challenged by the complexity of the political and policy environments in which they operate, as well as by broader geopolitical changes over which they have little or no control. Indigenous peoples in the Arctic, however, have demonstrated an innate ability to adapt to harsh and constantly changing environments. This experience and knowledge will be invaluable as they respond to future challenges in the region.