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This study evaluates the impact of indoor-outdoor (I/O) infiltration on PM2.5 exposure in Athens, Greece, using a combined measurement and modeling approach within the TNA ACCESS project PIRAthe. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured across six residences and derived I/O infiltration factors (IFs) were integrated into the UNDYNE exposure modeling framework, coupled with the EPISODE-CityChem air quality model. Campaign-specific IFs increased exposure estimates by roughly 40% compared to literature-based values, significantly improving model accuracy (normalized mean bias reduced from -29% to − 9%). Diurnal variability in IFs further enhanced temporal exposure estimates. This work highlights the importance of localized I/O infiltration data for realistic PM2.5 exposure assessments in urban areas. The findings provide a transferable framework for improving exposure estimates and inform targeted mitigation strategies to reduce population exposure and associated health risks.

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Measuring and Modeling the Impact of Indoor Infiltration on PM2.5 Exposure in Residential Environments of Athens, Greece—Results from the PIRAthe Project

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Martin Otto Paul Ramacher,
  • Iasonas Stavroulas,
  • Georgios Grivas,
  • Dimitris Karagiannis,
  • Fabian Lenartz,
  • Eleni Athanasopoulou

摘要

This study evaluates the impact of indoor-outdoor (I/O) infiltration on PM2.5 exposure in Athens, Greece, using a combined measurement and modeling approach within the TNA ACCESS project PIRAthe. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured across six residences and derived I/O infiltration factors (IFs) were integrated into the UNDYNE exposure modeling framework, coupled with the EPISODE-CityChem air quality model. Campaign-specific IFs increased exposure estimates by roughly 40% compared to literature-based values, significantly improving model accuracy (normalized mean bias reduced from -29% to − 9%). Diurnal variability in IFs further enhanced temporal exposure estimates. This work highlights the importance of localized I/O infiltration data for realistic PM2.5 exposure assessments in urban areas. The findings provide a transferable framework for improving exposure estimates and inform targeted mitigation strategies to reduce population exposure and associated health risks.