Integrating Breath-Hold Diving Techniques into a Low-Cost Community-Based Methodology for Kelp Restoration in Te Whanganui-a-Tara, Aotearoa New Zealand
摘要
Kelp forests provide essential habitat for temperate flora and fauna; however, they are experiencing global declines. Restoration efforts are typically costly, short-lived, and predominantly led by academics, highlighting the need for more cost-effective community-based approaches that foster long-term engagement. In this study, we present a novel low-cost methodology for kelp restoration through the integration of breath-hold diving techniques. This methodology was used for the first time to out-plant Macrocystis pyrifera sporophytes (green gravel) in Te Whanganui-a-Tara, Aotearoa New Zealand. We trained community members in subtidal scientific monitoring techniques, which were performed using breath-hold diving. Although integrating breath-hold techniques introduced some logistical challenges, it proved more cost-effective than traditional scuba-based subtidal field methodologies and removed some of the existing academic barriers to participation in science and restoration efforts. Community members were able to collect robust scientific data while maintaining high standards of health and safety, validating the utility of our novel methodology for kelp restoration. Trained community members (citizen scientists) assisted in completing four plant outs, successfully out-planting 387 green gravel cobbles. Although we observed high mortality (60–90%) within the first 4–6 weeks after planting, surviving sporophytes demonstrated success, with many reaching reproductive maturity and some growing over 5 m long. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating breath-hold diving into subtidal scientific monitoring for kelp restoration, offering an accessible, cost-effective alternative to traditional approaches while enhancing community engagement and minimizing restoration costs.