This chapter explores the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying decision-making across various contexts, highlighting the interplay between domain-general and domain-specific value representations. Drawing on evidence from neuroimaging and behavioral studies, we examine how the brain encodes value on a common scale to facilitate choices among qualitatively different options. Additionally, we discuss the clinical relevance of these findings, emphasizing disorder-specific value perturbations observed in psychiatric conditions such as binge eating disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The chapter also addresses methodological challenges in studying value representations and underscores the importance of standardized, replicable research designs. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic interventions targeting disorder-specific valuation processes, illustrating their potential to improve treatment outcomes in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. This overview aims to bridge gaps in our current understanding and foster advancements in neuroeconomic research and clinical applications.