This chapter presents the theoretical background of this study: the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce. It will advocate its significant heuristic potential, which remains largely underestimated in archaeological research. The chapter reviews the history and selected previous applications and engagements with Peircean semiotics in archaeology. It starts with Robert Preucel, who “rediscovered” Peirce for our discipline. Special attention is paid to “situated semiotics” approach developed by Carl Knappett, which probably is, so far, most complex framework based on Peirce.