The Arabian Peninsula is experiencing significant climatic shifts, making it one of the most vulnerable to climate change. Rising temperatures, prolonged heat waves, shifting precipitation patterns and increased extreme weather events pose severe threats to human health. With an expected temperature increase of 2–4 °C by the end of the twenty-first century, climate-induced risks, such as heat-related illnesses, respiratory diseases and the spread of vector-borne infections, are escalating. Urbanization, fossil fuel dependency and land-use modifications have exacerbated environmental stressors, intensifying the heat island effect and deteriorating air quality. Vulnerable populations, including outdoor workers, migrant labourers, the elderly, children and low-income communities, face increased health risks. Exposure to extreme heat increases incidences of heat exhaustion, dehydration and cardiovascular complications, while worsening air pollution contributes to respiratory conditions like asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Additionally, climate change is altering the epidemiology of infectious diseases in the region. Warmer temperatures and humidity promote the spread of malaria and dengue fever, while water scarcity increases the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Heatwaves, particularly in densely populated urban areas, have become more frequent and intense, leading to increased mortality rates. The 2015 Middle East heatwave, which recorded temperatures as high as 54 °C, highlighted the devastating health impacts of extreme heat. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures has been linked to mental health issues, workplace accidents and economic losses due to decreased labour productivity. To mitigate these threats, resilience-based public health strategies are essential. Adaptation measures include sustainable urban planning, improved healthcare infrastructure, early warning systems and regional cooperation on climate policies. Promoting green infrastructure, enhancing disease surveillance and enforcing occupational heat stress regulations can help safeguard public health. Addressing the health impacts of climate change in the Arabian Peninsula requires multi-sectoral interventions to ensure the well-being of its populations.