The Arabian Peninsula is a region of remarkable geographical and ecological diversity, encompassing arid, semi-arid and Mediterranean biomes that support a rich variety of biological species and habitats. The convergence of multiple biogeographic zones has led to an extraordinary diversification of flora and fauna, many of which have evolved unique adaptations to extreme and highly variable climatic conditions. Distinctive crop varieties resilient to arid conditions also serve as vital genetic resources for future agricultural sustainability. However, climate change is intensifying the challenges faced by this fragile ecosystem. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns and prolonged droughts are exerting significant pressure on freshwater resources, threatening biodiversity across the region. Many species, already facing habitat loss and fragmentation, are at increased risk of extinction due to these climate-induced stresses. The region also lies along key bird migration routes, making it a critical habitat for avian biodiversity, which is increasingly vulnerable to environmental changes. Over the past five decades, human activities such as rapid urbanization, industrial expansion and resource extraction have further exacerbated environmental degradation. Understanding climate variability, particularly trends in temperature and precipitation, is crucial for mitigating disaster risks and formulating effective conservation strategies. An integrated approach to biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource management is essential for preserving the region’s unique ecological heritage. Additionally, promoting ecotourism can serve as a sustainable economic driver, fostering conservation efforts while generating income to support biodiversity management. This chapter explores the multifaceted impacts of climate change on ecosystems and biodiversity in the Arabian Peninsula and highlights the need for comprehensive conservation strategies to ensure long-term ecological and economic sustainability.