This chapter focuses on racial, ethnic, and sex disparities in the presentation and management of intermittent claudication. Social epidemiologic theories that use social, economic, and structural inequality across time in nested hierarchies to understand root causes of health disparities rather than defaulting to inherent, biologic racial/ethnic difference logical fallacies are presented. Critical concepts are reviewed: (1) high burden of medical comorbidities mediate the relationship between race/ethnicity and incident intermittent claudication, (2) social disadvantage, as measured by individual- and area-level indicators of socioeconomic status, and its relationship to intermittent claudication, (3) barriers to timely healthcare access that lead to delayed presentation of peripheral artery disease (PAD) among racial and female minority populations, and (4) relatively high volume and inappropriate use of endovascular interventions in racial minorities with intermittent claudication.