The Yellow River has earned “China’s sorrow” for its frequent flood events in the history. The lower channel is an “elevated” river due to sedimentation in the channel confined by the levees. To combat flood hazards, a range of measures have been taken, such as constructing reservoirs, enforcing levees, reducing sediment entering the Yellow River, and dredging channels. This chapter will discuss the sources of sediment deposits, the countermeasures to reduce the sediment input to the river channel, and flood prevention and mitigation in the lower channel.