The Yellow River basin exhibits considerable regional variation in physical environmental conditions, human-environment interactions, and the environmental challenges stemming from these interactions. These variations necessitate tailored strategies to address and mitigate distinct regional environmental issues, while also coordinating the downstream impacts of these strategies. Numerous studies have examined the effects of both human and natural factors on the environment, the environmental problems, and the impacts of climate change. However, research gaps persists. Despite significant progress in addressing environmental issues in the basin, ongoing efforts toward sustainability remain essential.