This chapter outlines the current legislatory framework for genetically modified organisms (‘GMOs’) in the European Union (‘EU’), including authorisation procedures, labelling requirements, and a so-called opt-out mechanism. The key regulation is Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, supplemented by Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed and Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms. The EU employs a step-by-step approach, gradually releasing GMOs based on prior risk assessments. It also emphasises the precautionary principle. This chapter explains the authorisation process for GMOs which requires applications to meet the conditions set by EU law, as well as the EU’s comprehensive labelling regulations to strengthen consumer rights. Additionally, an opt-out mechanism allows EU member states to restrict or ban GMO cultivation within their territory when certain criteria are met.