Indigenous peoples in Guyana are classified as vulnerable communities due to the legacies of historical marginalization that continue to shape their socio-economic realities in the contemporary context. Legacies of colonial legislation remain impactful in structuring the ways in which Indigenous peoples in Guyana engage with the state and benefit from natural resources. The current economic landscape, driven by the oil and gas sector in Guyana, has not only seen a rapid expansion of the oil economy, but a renewed focus on the environment both as an object of exploitation and as a site for protection. This current landscape presents new opportunities and risks. Despite its development being largely offshore, oil development has introduced a sudden injection of cash into Indigenous socio-economic systems, cultural disruptions, and conflicts over land use, placing further pressure on Indigenous communities to safeguard their cultural and environmental heritage, or join the dominant push for unchecked economic growth. In this chapter, we examine Indigenous socio-economic vulnerabilities and discuss the opportunities and emerging issues within the context of the oil and gas industry.