This chapter investigates the historical conditions under which modern natural science emerged, emphasizing its intricate connection with the development of the bourgeois mode of production. Lefèvre argues that while the core sectors of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century material production did not directly require scientific knowledge, the structure of early capitalist production—particularly the evolution of non-agrarian labor, the use of machines, and the differentiation of intellectual and manual labor—created the preconditions for a new theoretical relation to nature. The key insight is that the scientific abstraction of natural forces depends on both the means and the social form of labor reaching a level of mediation that transcends artisanal immediacy. Through a detailed materialist analysis, the chapter offers a foundational framework for understanding how scientific knowledge, though not initially a productive force, became historically possible as such.