Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases. It encompasses various histological subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. The incidence of NSCLC is influenced by smoking, environmental exposure, and genetic predisposition. Advances in lung cancer screening, staging, and therapeutic management have significantly improved patient outcomes. This chapter explores epidemiology, common histologic types, clinical presentation, staging, and treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer, including surgery, radiation, systemic therapy, and targeted approaches.