Introduction: Tribal populations in India face systemic disadvantages, resulting in widespread food insecurity. This study examines food access disparities between two indigenous communities—Santal and Bedia—in Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, where food insecurity is influenced by socioeconomic status, access to services, and geographic isolation. Methodology: Primary data were collected through structured surveys from 130 households (65 from each tribe). Descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square analysis, binary logistic regression, and Spearman’s correlation were used to analyze inter-group differences and identify predictors of food insecurity. Composite indices for socioeconomic status and food access were constructed from standardized variables. Results: The Bedia tribe showed significantly higher educational attainment than the Santal tribe, but no significant differences emerged in income, food access, or housing. Logistic regression revealed that the Food Access Index was the only robust predictor of food insecurity (p < 0.01), while factors such as education, landholding, and gender showed no significant impact. Correlation analysis found no strong relationship between socioeconomic status and food access. Conclusion: The findings indicate that food insecurity among tribal groups is less dependent on general socioeconomic status and more on direct food-related conditions. Policies must prioritize food-specific support, such as affordable access and local market proximity, alongside long-term development initiatives.