An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different mulch types and irrigation frequencies on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production, water use efficiency (WUE), and simulation performance of the AquaCrop model. A total of eight treatment combinations were tested, including two irrigation regimes—single and double irrigation—alongside four mulch treatments: biodegradable mulch (BDM), non-woven mulch (NWM), black polyethylene mulch (BPM), and no mulch (NM), arranged in a factorial randomized block design. The results demonstrated that mulching and irrigation significantly influenced crop growth and yield parameters. The highest yield (26.49 q/ha), net income, and benefit–cost ratio were observed in the treatment combining BDM with single irrigation, which also recorded the maximum WUE of 182.7 kg/ha-cm. The AquaCrop model was calibrated using canopy cover, biomass, and yield data from the control treatment (full irrigation without mulch). Model performance showed strong agreement with observed values, with high Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (R2NS > 0.90) and moderate overestimation as indicated by negative Coefficient of Residual Mass (CRM) values. Validation using data from the remaining treatments confirmed the model’s reliability in simulating biomass and yield under varied irrigation and mulching conditions. Overall, the study highlights the potential of biodegradable mulch combined with reduced irrigation to enhance chickpea productivity and water efficiency. It also confirms the AquaCrop model as a useful tool for assessing the effects of soil moisture conservation practices in semi-arid agricultural systems.