The pipes of a water-supply network in a cold region can freeze during the winter, threatening the network’s functionality and reliability. Previous efforts on combating the issue of pipe freezing have taken mostly the thermal insulation approach that minimises heat transfer or loss and the frost depth approach that uses burial depth to avoid freezing. While effective to some extent, these approaches are expensive and ineffective. Previous researchers have overlooked using the effect of the dynamics of water flowing inside the pipe as another way to prevent freezing incidents. Residents are often advised to keep a tap open during winter nights to prevent freezing. However, the advice omits specifying the ideal flow rate, leading to unnecessary waste of water. This paper investigates the relationship between flow rate and ambient air temperature, which ensures water flows effectively without freezing while conserving water resources. Laboratory experiments on pipe flow were conducted in a freezing environmental chamber. A 3.3 m long pipe loop of a 0.15 m diameter was installed inside the chamber. Thermo probes were strategically placed inside the pipe along its length to monitor water temperatures and pressure variations. A pump maintained continuous flow in the loop. All data were recorded at a fixed time interval using a data logger. The results demonstrated that the water temperature initially decreased and reached a steady state for each flow rate and low ambient temperature. This steady-state temperature under varying conditions was recorded, indicating an equilibrium between heat loss to the surrounding environment and heat generated by the continuous water flow. This signifies the optimum flow rate required to prevent water freezing while reducing water waste. This research offers an effective solution to the issue while ensuring efficient water resource management during challenging winter conditions and promoting sustainability in water conservation efforts. This research offers practical guidance for mitigating the risks associated with freezing pipes in cold climates, thereby significantly contributing to infrastructure management strategies.

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Investigation of Minimal Flow for Preventing Winter Freezing of Water-Supply Pipes in Cold Region

  • Shadab Usmani,
  • S. Samuel Li,
  • Hua Ge

摘要

The pipes of a water-supply network in a cold region can freeze during the winter, threatening the network’s functionality and reliability. Previous efforts on combating the issue of pipe freezing have taken mostly the thermal insulation approach that minimises heat transfer or loss and the frost depth approach that uses burial depth to avoid freezing. While effective to some extent, these approaches are expensive and ineffective. Previous researchers have overlooked using the effect of the dynamics of water flowing inside the pipe as another way to prevent freezing incidents. Residents are often advised to keep a tap open during winter nights to prevent freezing. However, the advice omits specifying the ideal flow rate, leading to unnecessary waste of water. This paper investigates the relationship between flow rate and ambient air temperature, which ensures water flows effectively without freezing while conserving water resources. Laboratory experiments on pipe flow were conducted in a freezing environmental chamber. A 3.3 m long pipe loop of a 0.15 m diameter was installed inside the chamber. Thermo probes were strategically placed inside the pipe along its length to monitor water temperatures and pressure variations. A pump maintained continuous flow in the loop. All data were recorded at a fixed time interval using a data logger. The results demonstrated that the water temperature initially decreased and reached a steady state for each flow rate and low ambient temperature. This steady-state temperature under varying conditions was recorded, indicating an equilibrium between heat loss to the surrounding environment and heat generated by the continuous water flow. This signifies the optimum flow rate required to prevent water freezing while reducing water waste. This research offers an effective solution to the issue while ensuring efficient water resource management during challenging winter conditions and promoting sustainability in water conservation efforts. This research offers practical guidance for mitigating the risks associated with freezing pipes in cold climates, thereby significantly contributing to infrastructure management strategies.