Since the late nineteenth century, the Indonesian archipelago has experienced a history of controlled population relocation to less populated areas, primarily involving inhabitants from the densely populated islands of Java and Madura. During Dutch colonization, these relocations mainly involved the movement of labor to coffee and tea plantations, particularly in Lampung, South Sumatra. After Indonesia’s independence in 1945, this resettlement strategy was integrated into official government policy, known as Program Transmigrasi (Transmigration Program) and later Program Relokasi (Relocation Program).