Earth’s ability to sustain life is defined by its remarkable biological diversity. With nearly nine million species coexisting alongside a human population exceeding eight billion, biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and providing essential services supporting economic and societal well-being. However, human activities have increasingly disrupted these ecosystems, leading to the rapid loss of species abundance and genetic diversity, with far-reaching consequences for global economies and financial stability. This book examines the intersection of biodiversity and finance, analyzing the economic implications of biodiversity loss on ecosystem services, and the role of financial mechanisms in funding conservation and restoration efforts. Since the 1992 Earth Summit, research on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) has expanded significantly, leading to major scientific initiatives and economic assessment of valuing natural capital and funding biodiversity. Concurrently, biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) research evolved, emphasizing large-scale ecological and economic evaluations. This book reviews key findings from over three decades of research, exploring how biodiversity influences ecosystem processes and contributes to ecosystem services and examining how biodiversity loss affects economic resilience, investment risks, and financial instruments designed to close the biodiversity funding gap to safeguard natural capital. It also highlights emerging trends in biodiversity finance, offering strategies to align financial decision-making with conservation goals and drive environmental management.