The Congo Basin in central Africa is well known for its ecosystem complexity and biodiversity, which are closely linked to its geological history and diversity. High mineral resource potential and the development of the mining sector, principally oil and gas, and base, critical and precious metals, play an important role in the economy in the region. Negative environmental practices linked both to industrial and artisanal mining are common. Strict application of environment regulations, modern best practices, and good governance are critical if this sector is to fulfil its potential in the region without doing irreparable damage to both human and environmental health. Looking to the future, it is essential that an increased share of the jobs and economic benefits from the use of the Congo Basin’s rich mineral resources remain in the region, rather than developing economies predominantly outside Africa. This may require policies to restrict and even ban the export of unprocessed ores and crude oil in favor of the development of local transformation industries.