The plan for Apollo surface exploration was to use preselected landing sites and traverse routes using carefully screened and selected astronauts. When NASA was established in 1958, no formal criteria for astronaut selection existed. It was assumed we would be looking for experienced male test pilots. The termination of women’s aviation programs in the services after World War II meant that no women had any access to current (jet) technology. Though women tested passed the strict physical and psychological tests, some of them doing as well or better than the male candidates, they were still not selected. Selected areas and traverses had to meet safety criteria, minimizing required time, distance, and relief along the route, while allowing access to geological features of greatest interest in a landing site area. ‘Field stations’ along the route were typically sites of surface exposures of underlying or crater-excavated rock that allowed sampling of its composition as well as characterization of local stratigraphy and geomorphological structure, and thus, potentially, determination of the site’s origin. For the Apollo J mission training, terrestrial sites and routes were direct analogs in terms of distance covered and number of stations visited. The astronauts had to rely on EVA simulation and training to operate ‘where no man had gone before’ (e.g., 4) and the innovative use of a ‘back room’ of co-trained geologists during their EVAs. The astronauts were restricted to tens of kilometers in the rover and normally tens of meters on foot. Science objectives would be addressed by gathering samples of rock and regolith at accessible outcrops and determining their relationship to the surrounding terrain as keys to understanding the underlying structure and stratigraphy.