The global aging population, marked by declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy, presents significant social challenges, particularly concerning musculoskeletal health. The vulnerability of the elderly to bone-related issues leads to the necessity of enhancement in bone graft procedures, urging the development of biomaterials for effective bone tissue regeneration. This chapter explores diverse biomaterials used for bone tissue regeneration. As biomaterials for bone graft scaffolds must mimic native bone properties, the chapter underscores the importance of achieving biomaterials with mechanical and biological properties similar to the bone. Addressing bone repair and regeneration, this chapter details current strategies, including autografts, allografts, xenografts, polymeric materials, ceramic materials, porous structures, and composite materials. Each strategy is critically evaluated, considering advantages, limitations, and clinical applications. The chapter emphasizes the necessity for biomaterials with open porosity, facilitating vascularization, nutrient diffusion, and cell proliferation. The discussion extends to bioactive factors, focusing on growth factors and cell therapy. Notable growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), and recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF-BB) are explored for their role in bone regeneration, along with the potential of stem cell therapy. The challenges and considerations in implementing cell therapy for bone repair are examined, including cell source, quantity, distribution, and cost-effectiveness. The chapter concludes by highlighting the evolving landscape of bone graft materials, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates materials engineering and biology. Challenges in the translation of bone substitutes to clinical applications, particularly regarding regulatory considerations, are underscored. Overall, this comprehensive chapter provides insights into the current state of biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration and sets the stage for future developments in the field.