This aim of this book has been to clarify the concepts of “directionality” and “systems of innovation” in light of Christopher Freeman’s synthesis of Listian and Schumpeterian ideas. This concluding chapter will draw on the discussions in the preceding chapters to assess claims made in debates and discussions centring on neo-Schumpeterian ideas. I first discuss claims made within the field of Critical Studies of Innovation, and primarily the in analysis given by Benoît Godin, of Freeman as an adherent of market ideology. Second, I discuss neo-Schumpeterian scholars’ own evaluation of Freeman’s works and ideas with emphasis on the concept of “reasoned history”, and I discuss to what extent List’s could be said to have been an influence on Freeman’s historical approach to economics. Finally, I will discuss how different implied readings and interpretations of Schumpeter are used to back up opposing arguments in innovation policy debates.