There have in recent years been calls for transformative change policies to solve societal challenges, by changing the direction of innovation. Such policies presuppose that innovation has a “directionality”, and that innovations come about in systems of innovation. These ideas have in large part been developed in a neo-Schumpeterian tradition of Innovation Studies. Starting from Jürgen Habermas’ suggestion that the in the post-metaphysical age, the philosopher can act as an interpreter between cultures of expertise and the everyday lifeworld, this book investigates ideas that have laid the foundation for contemporary innovation discourse, as they were conceptualised by key neo-Schumpeterian scholar Christopher Freeman. The aim of the book is to clarify the meaning of the concepts “directionality” and “systems of innovation” in context of present day transformative change policies, and in the contexts they were developed.