Global manufacturing is facing multiple challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and geopolitical conflicts, leading to significant supply chain disruptions and economic losses. Meanwhile, the implementation of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has ushered global trade into an era of “explicit carbon costs,” further complicating supply chain management. Therefore, the limitations of traditional supply chain management models are increasingly prominent. The emergence of Digital Twins provides a revolutionary tool to address this dilemma. By creating digital twins of physical entities, it achieves a paradigm shift from post-event remediation to pre-event simulation, highly aligning with the needs of sustainable supply chain management. This paper first introduces the application background and overall framework design of Digital Twins in sustainable supply chain management. It then delves into the current development status of key enabling technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing, blockchain and data security, machine learning and predictive optimization, as well as digital threads and system integration. Subsequently, the paper elaborates on the working ideas enabled by Digital Twins. Finally, the paper summarizes the unique advantages of Digital Twins in supply chain management and outlooks its future development, pointing out that technological innovation and standard co-construction will be the key paths to driving the development of Digital Twins, potentially leading supply chain management into a new stage.