Here is set out the various modes of transport: public and private, for commerce, business or leisure, looking at historical movements, global and local, along with their impacts. These include their contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, as well as air pollution, noise and vibration. The modes covered include road vehicles, trains, planes and boats and cycles, and the infrastructure along which they travel or are supported, such as stations, airports and ports. Environmental impacts outlined include the noise and air pollution from road vehicles, trains and aircraft and also the impacts to aquatic life of shipping, in terms of noise generated, collisions, pollution and the spread of invasive species. This chapter also sets out measures for reducing these impacts including the evolution and market growth of electric vehicles, hydrogen as an alternative fuel and the challenge of providing a suitable charging infrastructure, reducing the impacts of EV batteries and extending range. Lastly, the role of cycling and safe cycle routes in encouraging the use of bikes as an alternative means of transport, particularly for short journeys.