This chapter provides an overview of the cradle to grave greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact of buildings, structures, their services and landscape. It examines the key factors that constitute energy efficient design of buildings and their services, including passive design, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, on-site generation and renewables. Also covered are whole life energy and carbon emissions including operational and embodied constituents. This chapter provides a review of water efficient design, waste water recycling and rainwater harvesting. The section on landscaping, biodiverse design and sustainable drainage also covers flood mitigation and the measures that can be incorporated into the landscape around and between buildings to mitigate against flooding whilst also enhancing ecological value. The section on sustainable construction reviews the impacts of the construction process and what constitutes considerate constructing. The argument for retrofitting existing buildings rather than demolishing them and building new is also explored, whilst suggesting how can this be done sustainably and cater for future population growth and demographic changes. This chapter also sets out what constitutes a sustainable community, exploring socioeconomic factors as well as environmental and the arguments for urban regeneration versus garden cities or green belt development.